Effectiveness of Structured Physical Activity and Exercise Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Stress Among University Students: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and stress are increasingly prevalent among university students, posing significant challenges to academic performance, social functioning, and overall quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions, particularly structured physical activity and exercise therapy, have gained attention as effective strategies for improving psychological well-being. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of structured physical activity and exercise interventions on mental health outcomes among university students.

A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases for studies published between 2015 and 2024. Keywords included “physical activity,” “exercise therapy,” “mental health,” “students,” “depression,” “anxiety,” and “stress.” Inclusion criteria consisted of studies involving student populations, structured exercise interventions, and measurable mental health outcomes. A total of 32 studies met the eligibility criteria, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and quasi-experimental designs.

The findings consistently demonstrate that structured physical activity significantly reduces symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. Aerobic exercise, resistance training, and mind-body practices such as yoga were the most commonly investigated interventions. Moderate-intensity exercise performed 3–5 times per week for 6–12 weeks yielded the most substantial improvements. Psychological mechanisms such as enhanced self-efficacy and social interaction, along with physiological changes including neurotransmitter regulation and endorphin release, contribute to these benefits.

Despite positive findings, heterogeneity in intervention protocols and study designs limits generalizability. Risk of bias and lack of long-term follow-up were also noted.

Conclusion, structured physical activity and exercise therapy are effective, accessible, and low-cost interventions for improving mental health among university students. Future research should focus on standardized protocols and long-term outcomes.