Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma Harzianum and Trichoderma Viride Against Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29070/hgh0kh22Keywords:
Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, biological control, soil borne pathogens, mycoparasitism, induced systemic resistance, integrated disease managementAbstract
Soil-borne fungi and oomycetes like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, and Sclerotium annually steal a significant proportion of yield from vegetables, pulses, and field crops. Their ability to persist and persist in an effective form in the soil matrix makes them difficult targets for control using either conventional chemical control (or for many oomycetes, biological control using predatory chemicals) alone, and the reliance by large crop and horticultural enterprises upon chemical fumigants and fungicides (at least over time) has recently had to be questioned due to the effects of this practice upon the soil fauna flora environment and human health. Biological control by fungi (most particularly the filamentous fungi Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride), has because of this received much attention in the last few decades, and the two species are now some of the largest selling and most researched formulations used in the direct biological control of plant pathogens. This review gives a summary of the current knowledge of the mode of action of these two Trichoderma species. The group discusses their taxonomy and ecology, the main modes of their activity (mycoparasitism antibiosis competition, induced resistance induction and plant growth stimulation), the laboratory procedures used to test antagonism, a summary of their performance against the major pathogens and practical points on formulation and deployment in the field, taking Indian situations into account. They examine why biocontrol results are so inconsistent by considering strain identification, soil factors and product quality. Overall the data give the impression that T. harzianum and T. viride can be an important component of integrated disease management, mostly when used preventively, but do not offer a replacement for crop rotation, field hygiene and resistant varieties.
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